centralized vs decentralized wastewater treatment

endobj In just six years, the length of the total wastewater pipeline in East Germany increased by 37% (1998-2004). The Specialist Group on Sanitation and Water Management in Developing Countries has started to engage intensively with the topic of decentralised versus centralised sanitation and wastewater management systems with a focus on developing countries. Cluster system: A sewage collection and treatment system that serves two or more households but does not cover the entire community. Decentralized wastewater treatment can be a sensible solution for communities of . �Pn�']&�A Many of the wastes contain very high pollutant concentrations and are unusually difficult to treat. The sewer pipes can be combined or separate. Centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment systems have coexisted over the past years (Wilderer and Schreff, 2000, Mancl, 2002, Nhapi and Gijzen, 2004). �I�]�H��UN��^��a6� �� nZ(��HBDԤ�FaW#�S�G��K�� 9@{d��s�kw'��f{#��J>i�'¦]EJy]�MJF�`��gw��a�5��Զ3@��L��|��d��z*ޛLALr��?��n�� MR��#�:��)XA�転�c�Ot�}*��ށ� Ua[��L� ��+N��sҲI�*.��k.tm��8IQq֊4X��u"!��a^r��v�M0Ϻd��I�e��Z��u��!��7j&3�$�Q��?�2=�s?H�T�uw-��&�G��Q{c/�2^��v~�'�A� � �o�]�M��xbsM��hڢ��b�iQ�#��3�X��:�j��y�R�b��k�� 9�f�"�xS��XgS�i� ��8ގXj@�1+�Z��&J�p_2ph�p0�e�y��&� i��1�ux��`�1\+f��D��*G[2_b�S,S�ۛ�(�ؿ�F��1��̖��P��k� stream • Option 3: C onstruct three decentralized STPs in the community. ( Log Out / opportunities. endobj Shall we continue to build long connecting sewers and centralized treatment plants? In this context, decentralized wastewater Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Wastewater from several households can be pre-treated on site by individual residents’ septic tanks or combined facilities and then transported through special wastewater pipes to relatively smaller processing units than centralized systems. The decentralised wastewater treatment facilities are adapted to the development needs of sparsely populated areas. The decentralised wastewater treatment system is an approach which is a combination of the different systems such as the settler/ biogas settler, anaerobic baffled reactor, planted gravel filter (horizontal/ vertical) and polishing ponds. Abstract: Biological nitrogen removal (BNR) in centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment systems is assumed to be driven by the same microbial processes and to have communities with a similar composition and structure. For areas with declining or dispersed populations, centralised infrastructure is extremely costly and not efficient. Centralized vs. decentralized wastewater treatment As mentioned earlier, conventional or centralized wastewater treatment systems involve advanced collection and treatment processes that collect, treat and discharge large quantities of wastewater (West, 2001). Centralized vs Decentralized: Which Will Rule the Future? Decentralized water treatment Centralized systems are out of sight and hence, require less public participation and awareness (USEPA, 2004). The PKA wetland forms a new ecosystem from the dielectric layer and wetland plants. After the reunification Germany, nearly 50 billion euros were invested in the East German region to build a networked and standardized infrastructure in order to achieve an “equal” level with West Germany. In just six years, the length of the total wastewater pipeline in East Germany increased by 37% (1998-2004). ReCip® is a robust and scalable treatment technology that has great potential for treating domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater. These energy-intensive and chemical-dependent systems are giving way to more sustainable approaches, with decentralization being a … Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. ��K�� ʾ*��*%VЈ�(1�jD&��_�p8[E=`/;e�^�L~P�Ȯ��5f��vFy�Q�ه`�W�;��Iޝ�;��e*��4p�N,&Sόb*r��V[nm$n��p>D`5�8�>\ ~��\t�u�XM�9-��ť��;pd�t�t/�Wlמfl��XW��z��Һ�3�8P�W��+��{��x��/0beQĭ�݇%V{ȕ�=�� 9G�h��}��ņp��nr",!�̪R��G�f��h�*�wz\�4 H.ڼ�\+��r�|��n��qM��(}�Z� There is a growing interest in decentralized wastewater management (DWWM) as a potential alternative to centralized wastewater management (CWWM) in developing countries. Aerobic tank and How can we ensure the disinfection tank. Also, chemical flocculation strengthening treatment can be carried out before UASB to improve COD removal rate. decentralized treatment systems that are protective of the environment and public health, while providing options for water reuse [4]. You may need a PDF reader to view some of the files on this page. decentralized wastewater treatment plant. ( Log Out / Siting treatment plants exactly where they are needed has reduced the financial burden of providing such areas with service. 3. We know that such systems are becoming increasingly expensive. Traditional Centralised Wastewater Infrastructure. 3 Km from the MPS (this is also centralized, but uses gravity instead of MPS). In this context, the centralized wastewater reclamation system is mainly focused on municipal wastewater plants that have advanced treatment for water reclamation. The centralized wastewater infrastructure connects each household to the main pipeline of the town. By establishing the complete water circulation system near the effluent discharge area, the goals such as resource consumption reduce, flexibly respond to changes in wastewater volume, and convenient facilitate maintenance and replacement can be achieved. as an example, 25% of the population in the US is already served by small, decentralised wastewater. Once the wastewater reaches the treatment plant, it undergoes a series of processes from preliminary through tertiary treatment. c�TT They typically include a septic tank, although many configurations include additional treatment components following or in place of the septic tank, which provide advanced treatment solutions. In Germany, demographic changes cause an increasing challenge to infrastructure construction in suburban areas. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment: Treatment Technologies, System Design, and Management Strategies Webinars were conducted from November 9 through December 14, 2010. Simply put, it is a way to “get back to nature” while using 21st century technologies and management. EU Directive on Wastewater Treatment The Urban Waste Water Treatment (UWWT) Directive is one of the major water policy tools in Europe, was adopted on 21 May 1991. Aerobic Treatment (English) (PDF) (8 pp, 103 K) Aerobic Treatment (Español) (PDF) (10 pp, 202 K) Evapotranspiration (PDF) (6 pp, 170 K) Low … Firstly, the investment cost is relatively small, since it is unnecessary to pay for the large centralized wastewater treatment plants and main sewage pipelines. x��WKoEVx� Decentralized solutions are considered “green” and “sustainable”. However, the impact of demographic changes on infrastructure has gradually become a topic in Germany and neighbouring countries. True . Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems: Processes, Design, Management, and Use Webinar Series Sponsored by the Conservation Technology Information Center, US EPA, and Tetra Tech. Where a centralized community treatment system is unavailable or unaffordable, a decentralized system – point-of-entry (POE) or point-of-use (POU) – installed at the individual home or business can be used to achieve potable water. It's a flexible and sustainable alternative to large, centralized treatment plants. For example, anaerobic biological treatment technology which is based on the combination of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) and hydrolysed upflow sludge bed reactor (HUSB) has better effects on removing suspended solids. DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT: A SENSIBLE SOLUTION Many communities are considering decentralized wastewater treatment and the economic and environmental advantages these types of systems can offer. onsite wastewater treatment, only 0.4% of Clean Water State Revolving Funds are allocated to decentralized wastewater treatment systems The Flow of Sewage and Funding 99.6% Centralized 0.4% Decentralized As compared to centralized systems, decentralized systems, such as constructed wetlands, are less complex and more energy efficient, economical and … Decentralized treatment means locating water or wastewater treatment at the site of supply and/or demand. The centralised treatment of wastewater means a centralised pipe network system and a large-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is needed. Should we rather go for smaller decentralized systems (see also [7190-decentralisation]) or start to source separate our wastewater as we have been doing with solid waste? 17 0 obj Engin and Demir (2006) have developed cost analysis models for waste water treatment management for small communities. MBR is a combination process that combines biological treatment with membrane separation. 877 Selecting the right sanitation system in any given Change ), on Centralised Vs Decentralised Wastewater Treatment, Centralised Vs Decentralised Wastewater Treatment. Decentralized wastewater treatment provides the advantage that on-site or nearby reuse of treated effluents is easy, whereby fresh water consumption is minimized. 27 0 obj centralized treatment systems. Old and taught in engineering schools High capital cost Transfers water away from source basin Long, disruptive construction Highly trained operator needed Potential for catastrophic failure. And most centrally managed decentralized wastewater treatment systems, such as publicly- and privately-owned community systems, are being staffed with trained and educated personnel in the same manner as centralized systems. �@x�{"��zv��"qKd��䀃��zvs��jW��t,�x,�0��2��d��>7_? A decentralized wastewater treatment system is an onsite system or a cluster system. Centralized wastewater treatment, widely practiced in developed areas, involves transporting wastewater from large urban areas to a large capacity plant using a single network of sewers, whereas decentralization is the concept of wastewater collection, treatment and … �0 6�4��5��z?6�y�HH�=�%0l"�X��K6H�%l��S��w�&�L��ƖG��u��Su�Q-�ҵ��Qe��Qy��qm�Sݻ^?��6H��$�?��'׫L��J�M>��3%�Q��`1T҇��ᵏ�6냯�|rc:U�Ȏ��[w��T��wU�?�U��g�j[��{��y��ŗ>?��?��?��׭��ͣ��G�g��~�]��7.��7��Ί�j'�I9��:��w��l��#�)��hY��v��X��R�G�'�K�˄g�|Xu��v��J��ߧXf��d\��!^�Tm��>�O(!�� i+4֥��Q��+%�:4_[IbT&5�WF��ƇF8Bj^R9��3�j^Y�f��Wi�]LN5�VV�hb�:�J��oam�)4o��01��M�`z8��|�r��ؼ�r0D&��ބ�X\�b\u4O��%W��!�� ". In order to achieve the purpose of recycling, the application of biotechnology still needs to introduce physical and physical chemical technologies such as coagulation, filtration, activated carbon, membrane technology, etc. %��Wk]��]�=�_��>��{�>��n�{��~z�;'��N�IvZ�M�q��פCN�U��W��myS��킬�zBmZY�6�x��d+��vo�!�G�r��Q'�endstream In this context, the centralized wastewater reclamation system is mainly focused on municipal wastewater plants that have advanced treatment for water reclamation. Decentralized Wastewater Reclamation System: refers to the wastewater reuse systems that are applied on a small scale. Dispersed sewage treatment systems mainly include: There are three main types of technologies used in decentralized wastewater treatment in rural Germany: Membrane bioreactor (MBR), PKA wetland wastewater treatment systems and combination of anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment. If you have read my centralized vs decentralized guide to this point, you should now have a good understanding of the benefits of decentralization. Only a small number of areas (about 20% or less) are concentrated construction areas. Unlike centralized wastewater treatment systems, decentralized systems are particularly more preferable for communities with improper zoning, such as scattered low-density populated rural areas (USEPA, 2005). They can be a signiﬁcant threat to public health and the environment if they are not. any size and demographic. Centralised and Decentralised Wastewater Management. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. This video shows how the Decentralised Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS) works in Aravind Eye Hospital in Tamil Nadu. The benefit to using a centralized system is its large treatment capacity, however, a negative is its extensive infrastructure. In conventional, centralized treatment, one of the most expensive aspects is establishing the cost of pipeline construction to serve outlying areas, so remote communities often have been left without service. It’s a flexible, sustainable alternative to large treatment plants that require miles of expensive supply and delivery infrastructure. They can be an effective option for protecting public health and the environment if properly designed, installed, and managed. Centralized wastewater treatment, widely practiced in developed areas, involves transporting wastewater from large urban areas to a large capacity plant using a single network of sewers, whereas decentralization is the concept of wastewater collection, treatment and reuse at or near its point of generation. Wastewater Management Strategy: centralized v. decentralized technologies for small communities Sharon Hophmayer-Tokich The Center for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy, University of Twente, at the Cartesius Institute, Zuidergrachtswal 3, 8933 … In this study, the cost of cluster-type DWWM is simulated and compared to the cost of CWWM in Alibag, India. This layout enables nearby wastewater collection, treatment, and reuse, as reducing the cost of pipeline burying required for centralized processing. Centralized systems are out of sight and hence, require less public participation and awareness (USEPA, 2004). endobj Keywords: decentralized, semi-centralized, centralized sanitation, constructed wetlands, household septic tank, waste water treatment plant, assessment. The villages in rural areas are scattered, small in scale and low in population density. As seen in Table 1, a centralized treatment plant is most suited for a high density city with a large amount of available land. Anaerobic tank 1. treatment plants (WWTPs) ( UNEP 2002 ). Decentralized wastewater management systems, with the wastewater treated close to where it is generated, are being considered by various researchers and institutions including the World Bank as an alternative to the traditional centralized system. treatment; centralized and decentralized, followed by detailed information regarding the development and deployment of ReCip®, energy efficient decentralized wastewater treatment system. When properly designed and maintained, they reduce the pollution load to natural water resources, and also, encourage the reuse of the effluent for “green” solutions. Anaerobic tank 2. ?_ %��4;9{��P�U?g� ��ý��@y�$TtcR�7��0W[�e��L*�G�%0�#��{@��I�A�a�p�%؛��/\5��H�Z"�m *��ز��~v2~kh�6?�tʥP��Q0H�r��s~I�&ʕ��ĹtUNoƘ�hzk:*Yzm��x��;S�l�\һ�ۓ�n��R�)��LB��㟆��Fd�Q��h|�h��!Ռ�3i6� �[�L��^[uOO�&U��5�� %�쏢 During the two-year follow-up, significant differences were found between patients in centralized care and those in decentralized care regarding treatment success (84.5 vs. 66.1%), treatment default (10.7 vs. 25.8%), illicit drug use (27.7 vs. 45.9%), and homelessness (3.6 vs. 12.9%). Keywords: decentralized, semi-centralized, centralized sanitation, constructed wetlands, household septic tank, waste water treatment plant, assessment. Effluent. Traditional centralized wastewater treatment systems are increasingly demonstrating environmental, economic and social limitations that can’t continue to be ignored. Centralized system. On this basis, wastewater will be further treated and then used in various aspects of urban life, including municipal, green, fire, landscape, etc. ٸ=al�%��Uvk)[�xRs]��撢��;l�|��X�8��G��1�q�Z6�x}�B1��(Ge��s�f>��lvev�Nv�R��WNz��e�ۏ?�u��|��_~��_�?zM~w��ٟ��k�rm��J��D��Zw=�'}�*5o�v5��SR6��,ת�V��/}��d~��X1��.��7��C�#��Woa ))D�O��o)\��z�y�܄DRS��*�Tq,ݓ��&��&�b�D o��y��1x��Ó) ��8��I_�Tΐ+ޙ@I��h�/A�$cnja)�S�0��.�1��-�)��9��zs��66sT��@�i��O�˫�%�p� x}�|�j��c|(�� Decentralized Wastewater Reclamation System: refers to the wastewater reuse systems that are applied on a small scale. In classical centralized wastewater management systems, such specialized treatment processes would be far too expensive, as they would need to be applied in large treatment plants with heavily diluted contaminants concentrations. Decentralised wastewater treatment facilities are designed to withstand natural disasters and easy for sludge treatment and discharge, which can reduce the pressure on low-capacity rivers. x��ZK�E�!� FQTZT�;r�֩wm��)��a��aܸԥ.��nL�%n��3}��V�aro��S��wN��s)H�2�57׳��2O��ʥ�;� ��˯�K��L Therefore, many traditional treatment processes are designed to satisfy the requirements of dispersion treatment, resulting in a lot of new process. Session 3 Decentralized Wastewater System Design: Part 1 Victor D’Amato, Tetra Tech 2. Like any other system, decentralized systems must be properly designed, maintained, and operated to provide optimum benefits. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems: Processes, Design, Management, and Use Webinar Series Sponsored by the Conservation Technology Information Center, US EPA, and Tetra Tech. Despite the lack of water and enough funding necessary for a proper centralized treatment, still these systems are the most widely spread even in small communities in developing countries ( Bakir, 2001 ). When properly designed and maintained, they reduce the pollution load to natural water resources, and also, encourage the reuse of the effluent for “green” solutions. Onsite system: Wastewater discharged from private houses will be collected, purified or reused by natural systems or mechanical devices due to the absence of large-scale community wastewater pipes or the lack of a centralized treatment facilities, which is called an online system. Johkasou for 5 persons which has been operated for almost 20 years. wastewater treatment processes. For example, the majority of new … Decentralized solutions are considered “green” and “sustainable”. Decentralized treatment is simply the practice of locating water and wastewater treatment plants at the site of water supply, demand, or ideally both. Re-imaginations of systems in the world we live in. Session 3 Decentralized Wastewater System Design: Part 2 Victor D’Amato, PE, Tetra Tech 2. Smaller decentralized solutions are more effective and affordable for treating wastewater and reusing it productively, compared with large centralized sewerage systems. Nitrogen is available during this process to enhance soil fertility. small-scale collection and recycling of water, Future Wastewater Systems – Re-think the World. ( Log Out / Decentralized wastewater management is considered for meeting the needs of new developments within, or at the edge of, large cities (even though they already have a centralized facility). Designing a small-scale, advanced treatment train prior to dispersal of the effluent into the native soil can decrease both the absorption area and depth to limiting layers that are required for adequate treatment and increase the volume of groundwater recharge. Centralized Systems. False. There are two types of systems that can be used to treat wastewater - centralized and decentralized. <> The degree of technological sophistication that should be applied is under dispute, however. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed in the section “Centralized vs Decentralized Water Treatment Systems”. Instead, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) is used to collect rainwater and wastewater separately and then purify it through the reactor. Advantages. Decentralized wastewater management systems, with the wastewater treated close to where it is generated, are being considered by various researchers and institutions including the World Bank as an alternative to the traditional centralized system. Unlike centralized wastewater treatment systems, decentralized systems are particularly more preferable for communities with improper zoning, such as scat-tered low-density populated rural areas (USEPA, 2005). Decentralized wastewater treatment can provide a long-term and cost- effective solution for communities by: •avoidinglargecapitalcosts, •reducingoperationand maintenancecosts,and •promotingbusinessandjob. 's Drinking Water Protection Regulation gives small water systems—defined as a system that serves up to 500 individuals during any 24-hour period—the option to use centralized or de-centralized water treatment systems. However, the comparative cost of CWWM and DWWM is not well understood. When geographical and climatic conditions are satisfied, the use of PKA wetlands (the same with land infiltration, oxidation ponds and other natural purification technologies) for on-site wastewater treatment has advantages such as stable treatment effect, less investment, simple management and so on. %PDF-1.4 18 0 obj Sponsored by : the Conservation Technology Information Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Tetra Tech. This method transfers the rural wastewater into the sedimentation tank through the pipeline where the sewage will be purified by the PKA wetland after screening. The latter consists of two separate pipeline systems, one for the wastewater and one for t… A decentralized wastewater treatment system is an effective and efficient solution for residential, commercial, or small municipal applications as an option to centralized sewers or where connection to a centralized sewer system is not available. A decentralized wastewater system treats sewage from homes and businesses near the source where wastewater is generated rather than collecting and transporting waste to a centralized treatment plant. Wastewater treatment; centralized versus decentralized Key Messages Centralized wastewater treatment plant is not the only option Consider alternative approach to avoid bulk discharge Economic Drivers Reduced sewerage and pumping costs Low tech solutions can be applied Environmental Drivers Lower energy costs Directive requires: The Collection and treatment of waste water in all agglomeration of >2000 population equivalents (p.e.) Currently in most of the world’s large cities, wastewater infrastructure is centralised. stream The combination of anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment technology adopts multi-stage fermentation, multiple aerobic filtration, multi-level purification, which are able to achieve the purpose of removing organic matter, phosphorus and nitrogen-containing substances. From zone 1 to zone 10 its own STP, zone 11 its own STP and zone 12 its own STP. Storm water can be collected in either combined sewersor in a separate storm water drains. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Applications and Products. The history of modern water and wastewater handling started with the health challenges in large cities and towns. The centralized waste treatment industry handles wastewater treatment residuals and industrial process by-products that come from other industries. The smaller such water loops are, the better they work. Decentralized systems can provide an effective, low-cost alternative to … decentralized wastewater treatment systems The Flow of Sewage and Funding 99.6% Centralized 0.4% Decentralized. However, water supply and wastewater treatment facilities in early rural areas were mainly built as centralized infrastructure to reflect the principle of “Every German citizen should enjoy equal living conditions” as stipulated in the Federal Constitution. Centralized V/S Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Solutions – A Case Study Ms. Nitika Gupta Deputy Chief Engineer WAPCOS Limited 76-C, Sector-18, Gurgaon, Haryana, India Abstract—The paper outlines and compares the two wastewater management strategies: centralized and decentralized solutions, as a general background for decision Then the production will be discharged or used for irrigation. The material of the system originates from the natural environment and does not cause secondary pollution. Many communities face decisions regarding centralized versus decentralized wastewater treatment as well as numerous strategies and technologies available within the centralized and decentralized sectors. Wastewater from several households can be pre-treated on site by individual residents’ septic tanks or combined facilities and then transported through special wastewater pipes to relatively smaller processing units than centralized systems. Project InfraDem has made a prediction for Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (MV) in the northern German recession area, and believes that by 2030, except for a small increase in infrastructure demand in the north and west, most demand in the suburban areas will be reduced by 20% to 30%. Secondly, decentralised facilities are easy to construct and control with low maintenance costs and simple operation. A collection of fact sheets on decentralized wastewater treatment technology. A centralized system uses a series of sewer pipes, tunnels, and pumps to collect wastewater and to transport it to a central treatment plant. To provide safe water supply when the local sources ran dry or became polluted, water was piped from reservoirs outside the city (see also [7083-man-made reservoirs]). CWT facilities receive a wide variety of hazardous and non-hazardous industrial wastes for treatment. decentralized wastewater treatment plant. In this context, decentralized wastewater Decentralized wastewater treatment disperses the resource closer to its source and minimizes surface discharges. The decentralised wastewater treatment system uses relatively small equipment (next to the house) for each household or community to achieve small-scale collection and recycling of water. Thanks for the high-efficiency separation of the membrane, the effluent water quality is good enough for directly reuse. Decentralized wastewater treatment, also known as distributed wastewater treatment, is the practice of locating wastewater treatment plants at the site of supply, demand, or ideally both. <> ��eJ��*o�₱z�t��I�P-�/@��n-�{�~o��{K��N9��Οr��˶�hT[WuFJ��V�ёqQ{��\��푪��SKw��k ��N ��jEl�~oWez��* �Y��4qQIX�K��R��sF�U%��ɏV\p]M+~"�J��Pc��v;&"/?��n�J��܍�ݱ��Fj!C��v7�j�'�{�۶��ANӶ�ޗobbƪ�o��Cչ�o�ZNk욱Z�+Y/�I4u��i�I��K��ђ~c��f�@�=��\��1P˗�)aA#��)��1ϵǊ�6�n^a��Y ��I��f�&�۞A��> ��/�L��ѣm�� U_)=茷��w�*-~��#Xos��hz�w;�K��x��HtN��@cS_K��R1��rt�y��[�}��;0l@u7xm:��P]��k��Xi_{��J��Z�zH�ӣ~�I�s��xF��ptz��ɿm�0��o��K��Z#��O�D��S�� `��j The decentralised wastewater treatment facilities are adapted to the development needs of sparsely populated areas. Increasingly, decentralized wastewater management is being considered as an alternative or complement to large, centralized collection and treatment systems. Germany experts believed that it was necessary to increase the option of decentralised wastewater infrastructure. Firstly, the investment cost is relatively small, since it is unnecessary to pay for the large centralized wastewater treatment plants and main sewage pipelines. Decentralized or cluster wastewater treatment systems designed to operate at small scale, not only can reduce the effects of wastewater disposal on the environment and public health, but may also increase the ultimate reuse of wastewater, depending on community type, technical options and local settings. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems (commonly called septic systems) are a signiﬁcant component of this nation’s wastewater infrastructure. 5 0 obj A decentralized wastewater treatment system is an onsite system or a cluster system. The treatment goals are different in centralized and decentralized systems. Besides, the wetland can be used as a landscape and has aesthetic value. Common onsite systems include septic tanks and leach fields. Effluent. As seen in Table 1, a centralized treatment plant is most suited for a high density city with a large amount of available land. They collect wastewater in large and bulk pipeline networks, also referred as sewerage, which transport it at long distances to one or several treatment plants.
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