CO/UT
1,392, Homestead
not surprising that instead of a new national park, Congress passed the Mount
1942, Historic Site
Clarks guide. Attorney General for a decision. state that the forest uses of the land should not be impaired (Ise 1961:
the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
9,058, Calvin Coolidge
Mountain NM
or destroy any historic or prehistoric ruin or monument, or any object of
Horace
Mammoth
1983. 1942 (Congress confirms, Biosphere, Reserve in 1980)
1939 Regional Forester C. J. Buck was moved to the Washington office of the
national monuments were established under the Antiquities Act on November 9,
North Cascades was established as a national park, while the Three Sisters, with
other recognized scientific or educational institutions, with a view to
P.O. ID
domaincontrolled by the Department of the Interiorfrom further private land
the Park Service temporarily increased its ranger power to administer new
secure. 817 BLM special areas encompass more than 38 million acres, which is about 15
in 1904 suggested that all the forested areas within the proposed park be
him. physical characteristics of national parks and national forests are in many ways
law. 1913 (from War Department in 1933 by EO)
9,350, Colorado
70,447, Timpanogos
The new monument is assigned to the USDI
1909, Shoshone
739,682, Cuyahoga
National Monument, located in northern New Mexico, was proclaimed in 1916. implication. NM
OH
were running strong against the federal government and especially the Park
Supervisor Bruckart was transferred to
Coronado
NM
AZ
His
NF)
basically opposed to the idea of a park, the interagency battle lines were
Grande Ruin Reservation
able to make exchanges for the railroad lands...Montezuma Caste is an impressive
Impermanent national monuments well served the desires of Stephen Mather and Horace Albright to showcase southwest Utah's scenic beauty as part of the national park system. while another is on USDI Bureau of Reclamation administered land, but managed by
President establish new national monuments and national parks. 6,155, Chaco
A long silence. AZ
1906, Chickasaw
Although national monuments emphasize the historical and scientific, both designations also protect the natural world. 46. Seeing youngsters in one crowd, he told
Already the forest around about [the
Action ... Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics. If the President has such authority, therefore, it exists by
Park Service. On
1907 (from Tonto NF in 1933 & 1937)
southwestern edge of Sequoia National Park and the eastern edge of the Tule
WY
new national monuments. Roosevelt Memorial Park ND
of the Moon NM
NY: Henry Holt and Company. in
noted above, transfer of all the national monuments was basically agreed to by
In a very unique agreement, the NM will
CO
The
preservation of the petrified wood; he knew that it was being hauled away by the
first stop was at Port Angeles where a pro‑park demonstration was staged for his
the huge Bureau of Land Management (BLM) holdings in Alaska. In 1918, President Wilson issued an executive order that withdrew 600,000
Not
biggest disappointment by the environmental community was his failure to
burial mounds and crypts, as the Pajarito National Park, named for Parjario
fellow [C.J. 3,040, Timpanogos
In some stores, rangers
Today,
1909. Canyon NP
National Park be expanded to the north onto the Kaibab National
almost 100 years of actions by the various presidents under the authority of the
Olympic
Steen,
created the new Great Basin National Park (the 49th national park) that included
Another precedent-setting expansion of Park Service authority under
It should be noted that not one of the
remarked to me, I told [Agriculture Secretary] Henry Wallace to take that
160, Grand
13, #2: 409-444. report to the President as to whether the 70 or so sequoia groves should be
be created in south and central parts of the state. OR
coordinating committee after a series of hearings and visits to various national
and the gathering of objects of antiquity... in these declared national
Monuments or memorials will be removed and disposed of when discovered. 228, Fort
Battlefield NM
and national historic trails. Postpile NM
GA
Fjords NP
1976). Cave NP
During the next two decades, several
ones. St. Helens NVM
signed the act that assigned 203,000 acres to Grand Teton National Park,
Desert Conservation Area, designated by Congress in 1976. Sequoia National Monument. Cave NM
Washington, DC: USDI National Park
You may see destinations listed as National Monuments that are overseen by other federal agencies including The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the U.S. 26,080, Richard M. Nixon
be managed by the Soldiers Home. scenic features. Olympus
137. Sequoia NM
Stephen
managers] received only one dollar a month compensation for overseeing their
north-central New Mexico near Santa Fethe area is rich in volcanic pumice, ash,
1987: 72). One of these larger
24,165, Pipe
Another long silence. directed transfer to the Washington Office by the Secretary of Agriculture. Other Forest Service-managed national monuments: Admiralty Island National Monument, Tongass National Forest, Alaska Misty Fiords National Monument, Tongass National Forest, Alaska Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Washington Newberry National … they tore out all plumbing and telephone equipment, explaining later that they
The question then arises about the
gave little thought and had less concern when reaching out for their land
Antiquities Act of 1906. The
north-central Montanathe monument is along 149 miles of the Missouri River only
A national-park
the public lands, especially those that contained significant American Indian
Sitka
Pima NM
MD
Jacinto NM created by Congress in 2000 and signed into law by President
Forest and state lands; each was fought by the Forest Service and the State of
T. Mather, soon to be the first director of the new National Parks Service, had
introduce legislation in Congress that would limit the presidents power to make
This 110,000-acre national monument is
within a three-mile belt off of St. John, including the Hurricane Hole and areas
he did not share the antipathy felt by many Forest Service men for the
acres of the Sequoia National Forest. additional monuments would be much larger or as some western opponents were to
But Rockefeller couldnt give it
Portage National Historic Site MN
scientific interest have, over the years, been broadly interpreted to include
regarding park expansionsof all parks, not just Yellowstone...In the hearings
Horace M. 1971. them with the National Park Service, but it was a Presidential decision that
[Note: It
Casa Grande Reservation three years later (Mackintosh 2000: 5). National Park Service 1987): NATIONAL MONUMENTS MANAGED BY THE
falls] is being cleared. Hole NM
Native corporations. 1922 (authorized only, on Agua. greater good with which the United States once trusted its presidents; despite
1936
UT
President Clinton recently signed an act
congressional delegations. President
1924 (authorized), Chesapeake
pueblo ruins, and early missions found by cowboys, army officers, ethnologists,
management plans, and proposing land exchanges, especially since the top of the
also announced a $750,000 matching grant to be used for preservation efforts at
1908, Park
the remaining in Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks, the Sierra and Tahoe
The team was given 60 days to study and
In essence, there was a
staffing, while others are fully staffed to handle the many visitors. National Park Service was established in 1916 in the Department of the
monuments.... The first national monumentDevils Tower
established: The small BLM-managed
Sumter NM
Box 11615 Eugene, OR 97440 541-484-2692 fax: 541-484-3004 fseee@fseee.org. important legal opinions have been printed regarding the status of the national
"Olympic National Park: 20 Years of Controversy." direction in 1889 by authorizing the president to reserve from settlement or
Greeting cards, journals, notebooks, postcards, and more. 798, Devils
! Another park proposal for a Siskiyou National Park in southwest Oregon in
explanations; they wanted blood (Ise 1961: 498, 501). At the local level, there were mixed
Roosevelt NP
1933
1929 (from Teton NF), Jackson
TX
antiquity, situated on lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United
By the spring
acres of the Morongo Indian Tribe, 6,000 acres of the University of California,
Giant Sequoia, and Sonoran Desert NMs, asserting that the Antiquities Act is
195, Mound
NP
1879, Field Reservation
described the use of the Antiquities Act of 1906 in his book Americas
64,700, Edison
Agua Fria National Monument (71,100 acres designed to protect American Indian
Flint Quarries NM
The order was spaciously inclusive: All functions of administration of
administered by the Forest Service that has its origins in Congress rather than
of these are Park Service monuments) and the USDI Fish & Wildlife Service
Hill NP
NM
Occasional mention
north and south of St. John. hierarchy of congressional designations and what special management, if any, for
the Wilderness Society 1986: 259).
the president proclaimed three more national monuments – Petrified Forest and Montezuma Castle, both located in Arizona, and El Morro (Inscription Rock) in New Mexico on December 8, 1906. The monument
Breaks NM
Mem. and sometimes unique geological and organic examples of the operation and effect
undertaken for the benefit of reputable museums, universities, colleges, or
Verendrye
On
ND
obvious absurdity (Ise 1961: 190). Forest Reserve
MT
3060.--An
Valley NM
ESTABLISHMENT DATE & NOTES
Peter. AK
but the old name was restored on March 2, 1934 (Albright 1971). California
four miscellaneous memorials; and eleven national cemeteries (Ise 1961:
ranking Forest Service official (other than Pinchot) was removed by any
cemeteries are consolidated...in the Department of the Interior... (Ise 1961:
Ellis Island added in 1965, made a World
MD
1939
ESTABLISHMENT DATE & NOTES
Giant Sequoia NM includes about half of the remaining Sequoia groves. Beds NM
21,888, Jimmy Carter
NM
in Arizona near
of national monuments, national conservation areas, national wilderness,
from land contained in the Sierra National Forest. 1906. 3,040, Theodore
to achieve and with great public disagreements between the Forest Service and
beautiful mineral formations...Administration of this monument was difficult at
window. Service and BLM management. while they were destroying. 1930
of the national forest system in Alaska failed to materialize. Culture, and Politics. AK
historic, or scientific/ecological areas, or as a hindrance to the private use
1924 (from Coronado NF in 1933 & 1938)
Shortly after the turn
purchase of private lands diminish as the years go by (Albright and Schenck
national monuments (Steen 1976: 118).
With
that it is possible that a measure of hostility that foresters have sometimes
establish a national park around the still smoking mountain. There was now a single system of federal parklands, truly national in
improvements...To give this arrangement the appearance of permanence it was done
Organizational Values and Political
More new national monuments and national
6,569,904, North
of Alaska, especially the Alaska congressional delegation (Zaslowsky and the
SEC. 337,598, Canyons
another few years, but the effort wound down by 1948. 1922 (from Nevada NF in 1933), Great
They stood for use of anything within
Buck
fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. cliffs, desert, and scenic areas adjacent to Grand Canyon National Park). 1
As the Olympic National Forest was
Royale
Even Congress in the establishment of
CA
management is not that much different from the adjacent national forest. Antiquities Act authorized the president to declare by public proclamation
Katmai NM and establishing two huge national wildlife refuges in Alaska. 2001 (BLM)
In 1904, at the request of
explorers and early American emigrants and settlers. Rainier National Park, O.A. Caves
Baker-Snoqualmie &, Wenatchee NFs)
historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands owned or
ruins north of Phoenix) and the huge Grand Canyon-Parashant (1,052,000 acres of
This event was the only time that a
The Services major involvement with
NP
1926 (authorized), Mammoth
New Mexico on December 8, 1906. Beds NM)
executive branch and administrative agencies of the government. aforesaid shall make and publish from time to time uniform rules and regulations
U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbeanit expands protection of an area in and
1902 (from Cascade FR). ??? The House Committee on Public Lands
1935 (authorized), 1973 (established)
national parks and monuments. for Alaska. Albright
president proclaimed three more national monumentsPetrified Forest and
the Antiquities Act or do away with the act itself, but without avail. Park. 2000
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 8,198, Gates
1923
Olympic Battleground: The Power Politics of Timber
Olympic
Canyon NM
of Liberty NM
area: In
AZ
The Park Service wished to place the national monument and some of the
??? extension of Yellowstone to the east...or to the north, or to the southeast...,
passed to the Forest Service, since the lands were so similar. 1938, Channel
We just wanted to round
Lake
the mid-1960s, Alaska came onto the conservation scene with various proposals to
8, #3: 26-28. In 1924, he traveled with John D.
pushed in 1919 by Stephen Mather, director of the Park Service, but nothing came
Schenck 1999: 129). John Ise found
the public. special interest groups may demand, at some future point, that all national
There were a number of unsuccessful proposals from 1909 to 1933 to
1978, Aniakchak
monument. NM
long after the Presidential visit, Pacific Northwest Regional Forester C.J. Fria NM
Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. opposition to new parks (Steen 1976: 119).. executive branches, which the judiciary was not in a position to resolve. Just prior to the establishment of Glacier Bay NM: the
I dont
Tent Rocks National Monument in
1990
Instead, in the 81st Congress
The new monument
51,747, National
State of Wyoming, which agreed with the anti-monument forces, took a legal path
Governors Island National Monument, that includes Castle Williams and Fort Jay,
friend to hasten to see the place before all its grandeur was lost. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Davis,
After
Managed by the U.S. Forest Service, this monument provides a unique opportunity to view the Lava Lands of central Oregon. ThenHenry, he said, what did you do about that fellow I told you to
the name, but we went along with it until I became director of the service in
From Grand Staircase to Grand Canyon
However, the Park Service does not have
They held several hearing
for permanent preservation in public museums. Despite the
President Jimmy Carter on December 1,
Service headquarters intervened at one time to order less belligerency in the
1980
The new
the feud between the two services became so bitter that in the winter of 1924-25
generally left their most scenic areas in a shambles. proclaim 18 national monuments under the authority of the Antiquities Act of
shall be confined to the smallest area compatible with the proper care and
NM
caused an outcry of opposition from the Alaska newspapers (in 1980, both these
Ancients National Monument. Johnson NM
were continuous efforts by the Park Service, Congress, and citizen groups to
Plain. Harold K. 1976. Forest Service designated certain lands adjacent to the [Olympic] national
and tuff deposits. 1972 (from BLM)
OR
1923 (Transferred from the
20,517, John F. Kennedy
Castle
Congress assembled, That any person who shall appropriate, excavate, injure,
McHenry NM & Historic Shrine
the 616,000-acre Jackson Hole National Monument on March 13, 1943, by executive
Cody,
1956 (the smallest NP, Biosphere Reserve, in 1976)
Buck Island Reef
It extended review authority over land
been almost indifferent to the monuments and had told the committee: There has been very little done with
1969
made it clear that it had no intention of adding Jackson Hole to Grand Teton
The Antiquities Act of 1906. 2000. However, the administration believed
Obispo and Bakersfield, Californiaa large area of rolling grasslands, several
NM
Ancients National Monument163,852
3,003, Sequoia
allotted almost 6,400 acres to the adjoining National Elk Refuge, and gave
MT
acres with an additional 10,300 acres established for special management to
1931 (authorized), Isle
Sometimes
President in his special car and talked with Roosevelt about the proposed
Press. 1925 (from Modoc NF in 1933)
1990 (to NPS from Santa Fe NF)
1961 (combined Hawaii and Haleakala, NPs, Biosphere
administrative regulation. "At
Matanzas NM
The new
SC
little protection because Congress did not vote any money for protection until
together, the areas would encompass some six million acres. order 2578. not prohibit forestry or other uses, but no destruction was permitted, and the
Rocky Mountain
38, Oregon
The Supervisor of the Mt. battle between the Departments of Agriculture and Interior. 20, #2 (May): 141‑161. ecosystems, mountain ranges separated by wide valleys, and a large saguaro
every step. Lincoln and Soldiers Home National Monument. Opposition, although not strong, didnt want private lands to be included
That permits for the examination of
Olympic National Forest voluntarily or not (Brandt 1988; Clary 1986). status entail a special, national land use allocation or designation and
the president by proclamation alone. 1939 (from Beaverhead NF), Big
4,148, Katmai
Franklin D. Roosevelt, who on June 10th issued the executive order
270-271). The 14-room, stucco cottagelisted as a
William Clark carved his name on
national monuments was established in 1908 (the 800,000-acre Grand Canyon NM)
1935 (authorized 1935 & 1940, withdrawn 1944). tone of incredulity: You didnt?
5,998, Fort
Other national monuments and controversy
Journal
Interestingly,
majestic Sequoia is only found on the western slopes of the central Sierra
monuments. controversy. Newberry Crater National Volcanic Monument in central Oregon. that a time would come when the transfer would be made. 1909
sale of the land in Arizona containing the massive Casa Grande ruin. This interpretation would be consistent
NM
groups, and local citizens. 801,163, OR
FL
Beginning around 1890, there was an
Service: Finally
is the habitat for several threatened and endangered species. Crater Volcanic NM
2. Management by the USDI Bureau
cultural features in this country for the benefit of all Americans (Rothman
AZ
159). Woods NM
Tribal lands, and Private) 272,000, Scotts
CA
carried out by the Forest Service who intended to reduce the elk herd in the
15 NMs in Alaska at the end of 1978. Some of the monuments have very little
1895 (ceded to Michigan as a state park)
1968 (authorized), Biscayne
Parks, Wilderness,
210,278, Fort
1992. first because the Santa Fe Railroad owned half of the land, in alternate
The first was a U.S. Supreme Court decision on April 19,1920, regarding a
all the affected agencies in 1916 when the National Park Service was
of natural laws, possessing high inspirational, educational, and recreational
The monument was created from land
established over six million acres (not including the California Coast NM which
29,824, Hawaii
from the Bureau of Land Management and give it to somebody else, namely the
Representatives of the
the protection of some thirty widely scattered national monumentsabout $120
Various special interest groups have
Canyon NM #2
AZ
58, Sullys
Park Service and senior Department of the Interior officials: In
for management, including the Big Hole Battlefield, Cabrillo, Castle Pinckney,
1940 (transfer of lands from state), Isle
the proposed monument that could have encompassed as much as 440,000 acres. 1960
46,766, Carrizo
Allow the organization of hunting
NATIONAL MONUMENTS TRANSFERRED TO INTERIOR IN 1933. New York, NY:
elk protection in the Olympic Mountains of Washington State, geological features
Antiquities Act of 1906 to establish four new national monuments: ! the establishment. Caves NM
AK
prohibitive considering what Congress would give us...we [were] trying to build
worked closely with Land Office Commissioner W. A. Richards and with Edgar I. 1905, the Jemez Forest Reserve was established which reduced the proposed park
existing national monuments and several became national parks or preserves,
to the USDI National Park Service did not sit well with the Forest Service
San Francisco,
Alan K. 1991a. Hogenauer,
1937, Lewis
NM
(from Dixie NF)
Irving Brant, a confidant of President
Ironwood Forest
270, Hot
UT
Roosevelt (D)
NM and Preserve
They spent some time with the
Forest NM
ecosystems, mountain ranges separated by wide valleys, and a large saguaro
in eastern Wyomingwas established by President Theodore Roosevelt on September
As
The setting had become so tawdry that
Valley NP
values. Alfred. Laramie NM
WV/VA/ 1944
could set the stage for an increased visibility for the NMs managed by the BLM,
insisted that language [in the bill] even hinting that all Forest Service
the future of the nation over the present needs or desires of individuals. NM
Well I want it done.
Ronald F. 2001. NM
2001 (BLM)
War Department, Ohio State
Pipe Cactus NM
reconsidered over the years, a few were abolished or turned over to the states,
Yellowstone be
1939, Badlands
235,625, Mount
Carrizo Plain
to develop them. Now...we focus our attention continually on the parks and
A management plan will be prepared
Management of the new
Tree NM
President Calvin Coolidge in 1924 for the unique volcanic features. NM
MI
plagued them from the beginning. State Park
Also that a new Grand Teton National Park be established, leaving out the
1,190, Lyndon Johnson
Bandelier
In this case, the court ruled that The
40, Pipestone
710, Grand
of Bucks name as regional forester meant nothing to Roosevelt, but he never
There
Cliffs National Monument in northern Arizona and another that greatly expanded
acres including about 70,000 acres from the San Bernardino NF and about 8,500
1,870,800, Grand
Washington, cliff dwellings in Arizona and New Mexico, and military forts in
1950 (combined with the NM)
areas of federal land set aside by the Congress or most often by the president,
inspector Frederick E. Olmstead, reviewed the potential areas and made a series
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