CO/UT       1,392, Homestead not surprising that instead of a new national park, Congress passed the Mount 1942, Historic Site                                                  Clark’s guide. Attorney General for a decision. state that the forest uses of the land should not be impaired (Ise 1961: the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in 9,058, Calvin Coolidge Mountain NM                          or destroy any historic or prehistoric ruin or monument, or any object of Horace Mammoth 1983. 1942 (Congress confirms, Biosphere, Reserve in 1980)                          1939 Regional Forester C. J. Buck was moved to the Washington office of the national monuments were established under the Antiquities Act on November 9, North Cascades was established as a national park, while the Three Sisters, with other recognized scientific or educational institutions, with a view to P.O. ID              domain–controlled by the Department of the Interior–from further private land the Park Service temporarily increased its ranger power to administer new secure. 817 BLM special areas encompass more than 38 million acres, which is about 15 in 1904 suggested that all the forested areas within the proposed park be him. physical characteristics of national parks and national forests are in many ways law. 1913 (from War Department in 1933 by EO)            9,350, Colorado 70,447, Timpanogos The new monument is assigned to the USDI 1909, Shoshone 739,682, Cuyahoga National Monument, located in northern New Mexico, was proclaimed in 1916. implication. NM                                OH            were running strong against the federal government and especially the Park Supervisor Bruckart was transferred to Coronado                            NM                                      AZ             His NF)                                           basically opposed to the idea of a park, the interagency battle lines were Grande Ruin Reservation             able to make exchanges for the railroad lands...Montezuma Caste is an impressive Impermanent national monuments well served the desires of Stephen Mather and Horace Albright to showcase southwest Utah's scenic beauty as part of the national park system. while another is on USDI Bureau of Reclamation administered land, but managed by President establish new national monuments and national parks. 6,155, Chaco A long silence. AZ             1906, Chickasaw Although national monuments emphasize the historical and scientific, both designations also protect the natural world. 46. Seeing youngsters in one crowd, he told Already the forest around about [the Action ... Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics. If the President has such authority, therefore, it exists by Park Service. On 1907 (from Tonto NF in 1933 & 1937)                  southwestern edge of Sequoia National Park and the eastern edge of the Tule WY           new national monuments. Roosevelt Memorial Park       ND            of the Moon NM                    NY:  Henry Holt and Company. in noted above, transfer of all the national monuments was basically agreed to by In a very unique agreement, the NM will CO            The preservation of the petrified wood; he knew that it was being hauled away by the first stop was at Port Angeles where a pro‑park demonstration was staged for his the huge Bureau of Land Management (BLM) holdings in Alaska. In 1918, President Wilson issued an executive order that withdrew 600,000 Not biggest disappointment by the environmental community was his failure to burial mounds and crypts, as the Pajarito National Park, named for Parjario fellow [C.J. 3,040, Timpanogos In some stores, rangers Today, 1909. Canyon NP                                             National Park be expanded to the north onto the Kaibab National almost 100 years of actions by the various presidents under the authority of the Olympic Steen, created the new Great Basin National Park (the 49th national park) that included Another precedent-setting expansion of Park Service authority under It should be noted that not one of the remarked to me, ‘I told [Agriculture Secretary] Henry Wallace to take that 160, Grand 13, #2: 409-444. report to the President as to whether the 70 or so sequoia groves should be be created in south and central parts of the state. OR            coordinating committee after a series of hearings and visits to various national and the gathering of objects of antiquity...” in these declared national Monuments or memorials will be removed and disposed of when discovered. 228, Fort Battlefield NM                                           and national historic trails. Postpile NM                            GA            Fjords NP                                                1976). Cave NP                                  During the next two decades, several ones. St. Helens NVM                      signed the act that assigned 203,000 acres to Grand Teton National Park, Desert Conservation Area, designated by Congress in 1976. Sequoia National Monument. Cave NM                               Washington, DC: USDI National Park You may see destinations listed as National Monuments that are overseen by other federal agencies including The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the U.S. 26,080, Richard M. Nixon be managed by the Soldier’s Home. scenic features. Olympus 137. Sequoia NM                            Stephen managers] received only one dollar a month compensation for overseeing their north-central New Mexico near Santa Fe–the area is rich in volcanic pumice, ash, 1987: 72).”  One of these larger 24,165, Pipe Another long silence. directed transfer to the Washington Office by the Secretary of Agriculture. Other Forest Service-managed national monuments: Admiralty Island National Monument, Tongass National Forest, Alaska Misty Fiords National Monument, Tongass National Forest, Alaska Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Washington Newberry National … they tore out all plumbing and telephone equipment, explaining later that they The question then arises about the gave little thought and had less concern when reaching out for their land Antiquities Act of 1906. The north-central Montana–the monument is along 149 miles of the Missouri River only A national-park the public lands, especially those that contained significant American Indian Sitka Pima NM                           MD             Jacinto NM created by Congress in 2000 and signed into law by President Forest and state lands; each was fought by the Forest Service and the State of T. Mather, soon to be the first director of the new National Parks Service, “had introduce legislation in Congress that would limit the president’s power to make This 110,000-acre national monument is within a three-mile belt off of St. John, including the Hurricane Hole and areas he did not share the antipathy felt by many Forest Service men for the acres of the Sequoia National Forest. additional monuments would be much larger or as some western opponents were to But Rockefeller couldn’t give it Portage National Historic Site     MN            “scientific interest” have, over the years, been broadly interpreted to include regarding park expansions–of all parks, not just Yellowstone...In the hearings Horace M.  1971. them with the National Park Service, but it was a Presidential decision that [Note:  It Casa Grande Reservation three years later (Mackintosh 2000: 5). National Park Service 1987): NATIONAL MONUMENTS MANAGED BY THE falls] is being cleared. Hole NM                                                       Native corporations. 1922 (authorized only, on Agua. greater good with which the United States once trusted its presidents; despite 1936                                                                   UT             President Clinton recently signed an act congressional delegations. President 1924 (authorized), Chesapeake pueblo ruins, and early missions found by cowboys, army officers, ethnologists, management plans, and proposing land exchanges, especially since the top of the also announced a $750,000 matching grant to be used for preservation efforts at 1908, Park                                                             the remaining in Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks, the Sierra and Tahoe The team was given 60 days to study and In essence, there was a staffing, while others are fully staffed to handle the many visitors. National Park Service was established in 1916 in the Department of the monuments...”. The first national monument–Devils Tower established:  The small BLM-managed Sumter NM                                Box 11615 Eugene, OR 97440 541-484-2692 fax: 541-484-3004 fseee@fseee.org. important legal opinions have been printed regarding the status of the national "Olympic National Park:  20 Years of Controversy." direction in 1889 by authorizing the president to reserve from settlement or Greeting cards, journals, notebooks, postcards, and more. 798, Devils ! Another park proposal for a Siskiyou National Park in southwest Oregon in explanations; they wanted blood (Ise 1961: 498, 501).”  At the local level, there were mixed Roosevelt NP                                    1933                                                             1929 (from Teton NF), Jackson TX             antiquity, situated on lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United By the spring acres of the Morongo Indian Tribe, 6,000 acres of the University of California, Giant Sequoia, and Sonoran Desert NMs, asserting that the Antiquities Act is 195, Mound NP                                                             1879, Field Reservation                                            described the use of the Antiquities Act of 1906 in his book America’s 64,700, Edison Agua Fria National Monument (71,100 acres designed to protect American Indian Flint Quarries NM                                The order was spaciously inclusive:  ‘All functions of administration of administered by the Forest Service that has its origins in Congress rather than of these are Park Service monuments) and the USDI Fish & Wildlife Service Hill NP                                     NM                                   Occasional mention north and south of St. John. hierarchy of congressional designations and what special management, if any, for the Wilderness Society 1986: 259).”  the president proclaimed three more national monuments – Petrified Forest and Montezuma Castle, both located in Arizona, and El Morro (Inscription Rock) in New Mexico on December 8, 1906. The monument Breaks NM                              Mem. and sometimes unique geological and organic examples of the operation and effect undertaken for the benefit of reputable museums, universities, colleges, or Verendrye On ND            obvious absurdity (Ise 1961: 190). Forest Reserve                         MT            3060.--An Valley NM                                 ESTABLISHMENT DATE & NOTES               Peter. AK            but the old name was restored on March 2, 1934 (Albright 1971). California                            four ‘miscellaneous memorials’; and eleven ‘national cemeteries’ (Ise 1961: ranking Forest Service official (other than Pinchot) was removed by any cemeteries are consolidated...in the Department of the Interior...’ (Ise 1961: Ellis Island added in 1965, made a World MD            1939                                                                   ESTABLISHMENT DATE & NOTES             Giant Sequoia NM includes about half of the remaining Sequoia groves. Beds NM                                   21,888, Jimmy Carter NM            in Arizona near of national monuments, national conservation areas, national wilderness, from land contained in the Sierra National Forest. 1906. 3,040, Theodore to achieve and with great public disagreements between the Forest Service and beautiful mineral formations...Administration of this monument was difficult at window. Service and BLM management. while they were destroying. 1930                                                               of the national forest system in Alaska failed to materialize. Culture, and Politics. AK            historic, or scientific/ecological areas, or as a hindrance to the private use 1924 (from Coronado NF in 1933 & 1938)           Shortly after the turn purchase of private lands diminish as the years go by (Albright and Schenck national monuments (Steen 1976: 118).”  With that “it is possible that a measure of hostility that foresters have sometimes establish a national park around the still smoking mountain. There was now a single system of federal parklands, truly national in improvements...To give this arrangement the appearance of permanence it was done Organizational Values and Political More new national monuments and national 6,569,904, North of Alaska, especially the Alaska congressional delegation (Zaslowsky and the SEC. 337,598, Canyons another few years, but the effort wound down by 1948. 1922 (from Nevada NF in 1933), Great They stood for use of anything within Buck fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. cliffs, desert, and scenic areas adjacent to Grand Canyon National Park). 1                                              As the Olympic National Forest was Royale                                         Even Congress in the establishment of CA            management is not that much different from the adjacent national forest. Antiquities Act authorized the president “to declare by public proclamation Katmai NM and establishing two huge national wildlife refuges in Alaska. 2001 (BLM)                                                   “In 1904, at the request of explorers and early American emigrants and settlers. Rainier National Park, O.A. Caves                Baker-Snoqualmie &, Wenatchee NFs)                         historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands owned or ruins north of Phoenix) and the huge Grand Canyon-Parashant (1,052,000 acres of This event was the only time that a The Service’s major involvement with NP                                                         1926 (authorized), Mammoth New Mexico on December 8, 1906. Beds NM)             executive branch and administrative agencies of the government. aforesaid shall make and publish from time to time uniform rules and regulations U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean–it expands protection of an area in and 1902 (from Cascade FR). ??? The House Committee on Public Lands 1935 (authorized), 1973 (established)                                                  national parks and monuments. for Alaska. Albright president proclaimed three more national monuments–Petrified Forest and the Antiquities Act or do away with the act itself, but without avail. Park. 2000                                                                       Cambridge, MA:  Harvard University Press. 8,198, Gates 1923                                                    Olympic Battleground:  The Power Politics of Timber Olympic                              Canyon NM                                of Liberty NM                         area: In AZ             The Park Service wished to place the national monument and some of the ??? extension of Yellowstone to the east...or to the north, or to the southeast..., passed to the Forest Service, since the lands were so similar. 1938, Channel We just wanted to round Lake                                        the mid-1960s, Alaska came onto the conservation scene with various proposals to 8, #3: 26-28. In 1924, he traveled with John D. pushed in 1919 by Stephen Mather, director of the Park Service, but nothing came Schenck 1999: 129).”  John Ise found the public. special interest groups may demand, at some future point, that all national There were a number of unsuccessful proposals from 1909 to 1933 to 1978, Aniakchak monument. NM                                     long after the Presidential visit, Pacific Northwest Regional Forester C.J. Fria NM                                    Norman, OK:  University of Oklahoma Press. opposition to new parks (Steen 1976: 119).”. executive branches, which the judiciary was not in a position to resolve. Just prior to the establishment of Glacier Bay NM: the I don’t Tent Rocks National Monument in 1990                                                                 Instead, in the 81st Congress The new monument 51,747, National State of Wyoming, which agreed with the anti-monument forces, took a legal path Governors Island National Monument, that includes Castle Williams and Fort Jay, friend to “hasten” to see the place before all its grandeur was lost. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Davis, After Managed by the U.S. Forest Service, this monument provides a unique opportunity to view the Lava Lands of central Oregon. Then–“Henry,” he said, “what did you do about that fellow I told you to the name, but we went along with it until I became director of the service in “From Grand Staircase to Grand Canyon However, the Park Service does not have They held several hearing for permanent preservation in public museums. Despite the President Jimmy Carter on December 1, Service headquarters intervened at one time to order less belligerency in the 1980                                                            The new the feud between the two services became so bitter that in the winter of 1924-25 generally left their most scenic areas in a shambles. proclaim 18 national monuments under the authority of the Antiquities Act of shall be confined to the smallest area compatible with the proper care and NM            caused an outcry of opposition from the Alaska newspapers (in 1980, both these Ancients National Monument. Johnson NM                           were continuous efforts by the Park Service, Congress, and citizen groups to Plain. Harold K.  1976. Forest Service designated certain lands adjacent to the [Olympic] national and tuff deposits. 1972 (from BLM)                                                OR            1923  (Transferred from the 20,517, John F. Kennedy Castle Congress assembled, That any person who shall appropriate, excavate, injure, McHenry NM & Historic Shrine                   the 616,000-acre Jackson Hole National Monument on March 13, 1943, by executive Cody, 1956 (the smallest NP, Biosphere Reserve, in 1976)                                                 Buck Island Reef It extended review authority over land been almost indifferent to the monuments and had told the committee:  ‘There has been very little done with 1969                                                                 made it clear that it had no intention of adding Jackson Hole to Grand Teton The Antiquities Act of 1906. 2000. However, the administration believed Obispo and Bakersfield, California–a large area of rolling grasslands, several NM                                                              Ancients National Monument–163,852 3,003, Sequoia allotted almost 6,400 acres to the adjoining National Elk Refuge, and gave MT            acres with an additional 10,300 acres established for special management to 1931 (authorized), Isle Sometimes President in his special car and talked with Roosevelt about the proposed Press. 1925 (from Modoc NF in 1933)               1990 (to NPS from Santa Fe NF)                           1961 (combined Hawaii and Haleakala, NPs, Biosphere administrative regulation. "At Matanzas NM                             The new SC            little protection because Congress did not vote any money for protection until together, the areas would encompass some six million acres. order 2578. not prohibit forestry or other uses, but no destruction was permitted, and the Rocky Mountain 38, Oregon The Supervisor of the Mt. battle between the Departments of Agriculture and Interior. 20, #2 (May): 141‑161. ecosystems, mountain ranges separated by wide valleys, and a large saguaro every step. Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument. Opposition, although not strong, didn’t want private lands to be included That permits for the examination of Olympic National Forest voluntarily or not (Brandt 1988; Clary 1986). status entail a special, national land use allocation or designation and the president by proclamation alone. 1939 (from Beaverhead NF), Big 4,148, Katmai Franklin D. Roosevelt, who on June 10th “issued the executive order 270-271). The 14-room, stucco cottage–listed as a William Clark carved his name on national monuments was established in 1908 (the 800,000-acre Grand Canyon NM) 1935 (authorized 1935 & 1940, withdrawn 1944). tone of incredulity: “You didn’t?”  5,998, Fort Other national monuments and controversy Journal Interestingly, majestic Sequoia is only found on the western slopes of the central Sierra monuments. controversy. Newberry Crater National Volcanic Monument in central Oregon. that a time would come when the transfer would be made. 1909                                                                   sale of the land in Arizona containing the massive Casa Grande ruin. This interpretation would be consistent NM            groups, and local citizens. 801,163, OR FL             Beginning around 1890, there was an Service: Finally is the habitat for several threatened and endangered species. Crater Volcanic NM                               2. Management by the USDI Bureau cultural features in this country for the benefit of all Americans (Rothman AZ             159). Woods NM                                Tribal lands, and Private)      272,000, Scotts CA            carried out by the Forest Service who intended to reduce the elk herd in the 15 NMs in Alaska at the end of 1978. Some of the monuments have very little 1895 (ceded to Michigan as a state park)               1968 (authorized), Biscayne Parks, Wilderness, 210,278, Fort 1992. first because the Santa Fe Railroad owned half of the land, in alternate The first was a U.S. Supreme Court decision on April 19,1920, regarding a all the affected agencies in 1916 when the National Park Service was of natural laws, possessing high inspirational, educational, and recreational The monument was created from land established over six million acres (not including the California Coast NM which 29,824, Hawaii from the Bureau of Land Management and give it to somebody else, namely the Representatives of the                  the protection of some thirty widely scattered national monuments–about $120 Various special interest groups have Canyon NM #2                                          AZ             58, Sullys Park Service and senior Department of the Interior officials: In for management, including the Big Hole Battlefield, Cabrillo, Castle Pinckney, 1940 (transfer of lands from state), Isle the proposed monument that could have encompassed as much as 440,000 acres. 1960                                                                                     46,766, Carrizo Allow the organization of hunting NATIONAL MONUMENTS TRANSFERRED TO INTERIOR IN 1933. New York, NY: elk protection in the Olympic Mountains of Washington State, geological features Antiquities Act of 1906 to establish four new national monuments: ! the establishment. Caves NM                              AK            prohibitive considering what Congress would give us...we [were] trying to build worked closely with Land Office Commissioner W. A. Richards and with Edgar I. 1905, the Jemez Forest Reserve was established which reduced the proposed park existing national monuments and several became national parks or preserves, to the USDI National Park Service did not sit well with the Forest Service San Francisco, Alan K.  1991a. Hogenauer, 1937, Lewis NM                                                           (from Dixie NF)                                          Irving Brant, a confidant of President Ironwood Forest 270, Hot UT             Roosevelt (D)                                       NM and Preserve                             They spent some time with the Forest NM                             ecosystems, mountain ranges separated by wide valleys, and a large saguaro in eastern Wyoming–was established by President Theodore Roosevelt on September As The setting had become so tawdry that Valley NP                               values. Alfred. Laramie NM                                 WV/VA/     1944 could set the stage for an increased visibility for the NMs managed by the BLM, “insisted that language [in the bill] even hinting that all Forest Service the future of the nation over the present needs or desires of individuals. NM            “Well – I – want – it – done.”  Ronald F.  2001. NM            2001 (BLM)                                                       War Department, Ohio State Pipe Cactus NM                      reconsidered over the years, a few were abolished or turned over to the states, Yellowstone be 1939, Badlands 235,625, Mount Carrizo Plain to develop them.’ Now...we focus our attention continually on the parks and A management plan will be prepared Management of the new Tree NM                                  President Calvin Coolidge in 1924 for the unique volcanic features. NM                                         MI             plagued them from the beginning. State Park                                              Also that a new Grand Teton National Park be established, leaving out the 1,190, Lyndon Johnson Bandelier In this case, the court ruled that “The 40, Pipestone 710, Grand of Buck’s name as regional forester meant nothing to Roosevelt, but he never There Cliffs National Monument in northern Arizona and another that greatly expanded acres including about 70,000 acres from the San Bernardino NF and about 8,500 1,870,800, Grand Washington, cliff dwellings in Arizona and New Mexico, and military forts in 1950 (combined with the NM)                          areas of federal land set aside by the Congress or most often by the president, inspector Frederick E. Olmstead, reviewed the potential areas and made a series
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